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In their international bestseller Empire, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri presented a grand unified vision of a world in which the old forms of imperialism are no longer effective. But what of Empire in an age of “American empire”? Has fear become our permanent condition and democracy an impossible dream? Such pessimism is profoundly mistaken, the authors argue. Empire, by interconnecting more areas of life, is actually creating the possibility for a new kind of democracy, allowing different groups to form a multitude, with the power to forge a democratic alternative to the present world order. Exhilarating in its optimism and depth of insight, Multitude consolidates Hardt and Negri’s stature as two of the most important political philosophers at work in the world today. Preface: Life in Common xi
 
1. War 1
1.1 Simplicissimus 3
Exceptions 3
Golem 10
The GLobla State of War 12
Biopower and Security 18
Legitimate Violence 25
Samuel Huntington, Geheimrat 33
 
 
1.2 Counterinsurgencies 36
Birth of the New War 37
Revolution in Military Affairs 41
The Mercenary and the Patriot 49
Asymmetry and Full-Spectrum Dominance 51
 
1.3 Resistance 63
The Primacy of Resistance 64
From the People’s Army to Guerrilla Warfare 69
Inventing Network Struggles 79
Swarm Intelligence 91
From Biopower to Biopolitical Production 93
 
2. Multitude 97
2.1 Dangerous Classes 103
The Becoming Common of Labor 103
The Twilight of the Peasant World 115
Two Italians in India 127
The Wealth of the Poor (or, We Are the Poors!) 129
Demonic Multitudes: Dostoyevsky
Reads the Bible 138
Excursus 1: Method: In Marx’s Footsteps 140
Death of the Dismal Science? 153
 
2.2 De Corpore 158
Global Apartheid 160
A Trip to Davos 167
Big Government Is Back 176
Life on the Market 179
 
2.3 Traces of the Multitude 189
The Monstrosity of the Flesh 190
Invasion of the Monsters 190
Production of the Common 196
Beyond Private and Public 202
Carnival and Movement 208
Mobilization of the Common 211
Excursus 2: Organization: Multitude on the Left 219
 
3. Democracy 229
3.1 The Long March of Democracy 231
Crisis of Democracy in the Era of Armed Globalization
231
The Unfinished Democratic Project of Modernity
Debtors’ Rebellion 237
The Unrealized Democracy of Socialism
Revolt, Berlin 247
From Democratic Representation to GLobal Public Demands
258
White Overalls 264
 
3.2 Global Demands for Democracy 268
Caheirs de doléances 268
Convergence in Seattle 285
Experiments in Global Reform 289
Back to the Eighteenth Century! 306
Excursus 3: Strategy: Geopolitics and New Alliances
312
Iconoclasts 324
 
3.3 Democracy of the Multitude 328
Sovereignty and Democracy 328
May the Force Be with You 341
The New Science of Democracy: Madison and Lenin
348
Notes 359
Index 407